Aetobatus
| Aetobatus | |
|---|---|
| Aetobatus ocellatus in Fiji | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Chondrichthyes |
| Subclass: | Elasmobranchii |
| Order: | Myliobatiformes |
| Family: | Aetobatidae |
| Genus: | Aetobatus Blainville, 1816 |
Aetobatus (from Ancient Greek ἀετός (aetós), meaning "eagle", and βάτος (bátos), meaning "ray") is a genus of eagle rays native to the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans.[2] It was formerly placed in Myliobatidae, but is now placed in its own family Aetobatidae based on salient differences from myliobatids, especially the pectoral fins joining the head at the level of the eyes.[3]
Description
This genus is diagnosed by a large adult size, which is around 3 m (9.8 ft) wide and largely consisting of a wing-like rhomboidal "disc" (pectoral fins). The trunk is broad, depressed, and thick. The head protrudes forward anteriorly, is narrow, and elevated above the disc, which connects with the head at the level of the eyes. The spiracles are located dorsally and angles towards the sides. The mouth is broad, located ventrally, contains a single tooth plate row, and is surrounded by sensory pores and papillae. The internasal flap possesses a deep "V" shaped notch. A single dorsal fin arises near the base of the very long whip-like tail, which is armed by one or more stinging barbs.[3]
There are currently either 3 or 5 recognized extant species in this genus depending on the status of A. narinari:
| Image | Common name | Scientific name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Long-headed eagle ray[4] | Aetobatus flagellum (Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801) | Indo-West Pacific | |
| Pacific white-spotted eagle ray[5] | Aetobatus laticeps (T. N. Gill, 1865) | Baja California to northern Peru, including the Galápagos | |
| Spotted eagle ray | Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasén, 1790) | Atlantic (including the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico); worldwide if A. ocellatus and A. laticeps are considered subspecies | |
| Naru eagle ray[6] | Aetobatus narutobiei W. T. White, Furumitsu, A. Yamaguchi, 2013 | northwest Pacific off south Japan, South Korea, China, Hong Kong and Vietnam | |
| Ocellated eagle ray[7] | Aetobatus ocellatus (Kuhl, 1823) | Indo-West Pacific |
There are also 6 extinct species (only known from fossil remains) placed in this genus:
- †Aetobatus arcuatus Agassiz 1843
- †Aetobatus cappettai Antunes & Balbino 2006
- †Aetobatus irregularis Agassiz 1843
- †Aetobatus punctatus Miller 1876
- †Aetobatus poeyi Fernández de Castro 1873
- †Aetobatus sinhaleyus Deraniyagala 1937
Cladogram based on a maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree using a General Time Reversible (GTR+I+G) model based on an alignment of mitochondrial NADH2 sequences (1044 sites):[3]
|
Dasyatis spp. | |
See also
References
- ^ Sepkoski, J. (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (Chondrichthyes entry)". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on 2012-05-10.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Aetobatus". FishBase. October 2015 version.
- ^ a b c "Resurrection of the family Aetobatidae (Myliobatiformes) for the pelagic eagle rays, genus Aetobatus". Zootaxa. 4139 (3): 435–438. 21 July 2016. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.10.
- ^ White, W.T. & Moore, A.B.M. (2013). "Redescription of Aetobatus flagellum (Bloch & Schneider, 1801), an endangered eagle ray (Myliobatoidea: Myliobatidae) from the Indo–West Pacific" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3752 (1): 199–213. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3752.1.12. PMID 25229115.
- ^ White, W.T. (2014): A revised generic arrangement for the eagle ray family Myliobatidae, with definitions for the valid genera. Zootaxa, 3860 (2): 149–166.
- ^ White, W.T., Furumitsu, K. & Yamaguchi, A. (2013): A New Species of Eagle Ray Aetobatus narutobiei from the Northwest Pacific: An Example of the Critical Role Taxonomy Plays in Fisheries and Ecological Sciences. PLoS ONE, 8 (12): e83785.
- ^ White, W.T.; Last, P.R.; Naylor, G.J.P.; Jensen, K. & Caira, J.N. (2010). "Clarification of Aetobatus ocellatus (Kuhl, 1823) as a valid species, and a comparison with Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen, 1790) (Rajiformes: Myliobatidae). In: Last, P.R., White, W.T. & Pogonoski, J.J (Eds.), Descriptions of New Sharks and Rays from Borneo" (PDF). CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research. Paper 032: 141–164. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-15. Retrieved 2015-07-28.