1961 Somali constitutional referendum

1961 Somali constitutional referendum
20 June 1961
Results
Choice
 Votes %
Yes 1,756,216 90.56%
No 183,000 9.44%
Valid votes 1,939,216 99.53%
Invalid or blank votes 9,132 0.47%
Total votes 1,948,348 100.00%

A constitutional referendum was held in Somalia on 20 June 1961 to vote on the new constitution for the country created the previous year by the union of the State of Somaliland and the Trust Territory of Somaliland. It was approved by 91% of voters.[1]

In the territory of former State of Somaliland, the Somali National League (SNL) party encouraged a boycott of the referendum, and 60% of the approximately 100,000 votes from the area opposed the constitution.[2]

The SNL boycott of the referendum stemmed mainly, not from disagreement with procedural or substantive aspects of the document, but rather from the disgruntlement of political leaders who had failed to gain tangible political rewards, especially in the new Somali cabinet.[3] Outside of the Isaaq clan, which was the main base of support for the SNL, the constitution enjoyed near-universal support in the north by the Dir and Darod minorities. The majority Dir and Darod northern cities of Borama and Las Anod voted yes in the referendum, with approval rates of 96 percent and 82 percent, respectively.[4]

Conduct

More votes were cast in Wanlaweyn, a small town in southern Somalia, than in the entirety of Somaliland. This created a climate of distrust and a new term for southerners called "Wanla Weyn".[5] The district commissioner of Wanlaweyn was however promptly sacked and international observers considered it generally free and fair outside of Wanlaweyn and Adale.[6]

Results

ChoiceVotes%
For1,756,21690.56
Against183,0009.44
Total1,939,216100.00
Valid votes1,939,21699.53
Invalid/blank votes9,1320.47
Total votes1,948,348100.00
Source: Middle East Institute[7]

Aftermath

The Greater Somalia League, Somali National League and United Somali Party petitioned the High Court against the outcome. However, the constitution was ratified on 1 July, although the referendum results were only approved by the High Court on 4 July.[8]

In the south, Sheikh Ali Jimale, the runner-up in Somalia's first presidential election, similarly vigorously campaigned against the referendum over the appointment of Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke as prime minister instead of his clansman Abdullahi Issa. This led his home region of Hiran to overwhelmingly reject the constitution. In fact there were more opposing votes to the referendum in the southern region of Hiran than the in the entirety of the north.[9]

In May 1963, Jimale and SNL leader Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal along with 20 other members of the National Assembly formed the Somali National Congress (SNC) to oppose the ruling Somali Youth League (SNL). Thus, by the end of 1963, Isaaq particularism appeared more and more to be finding an outlet in the SNC, and its objectives were less the division of the Republic than the downfall of the SYL government.[10]

References

  1. ^ Elections in Somalia African Elections Database
  2. ^ Poore, Brad. "Somaliland: Shackled to a Failed State". Stanford Journal of International Law. (45) 1.
  3. ^ Coleman, James Smoot (1964). Political Parties and National Integration in Tropical Africa. University of California Press. p. 549.
  4. ^ Samatar, Abdi I. (2016). Africa's First Democrats: Somalia's Aden A. Osman and Abdirazak H. Hussen. Indiana University Press. p. 104. ISBN 9780253022370.
  5. ^ Diriye Abdullahi, M. (2001) Culture And Customs Of Somalia, Greenwood Publishing Group, p.27
  6. ^ Samatar, Abdi Ismail (2016-09-26). Africa's First Democrats: Somalia's Aden A. Osman and Abdirazak H. Hussen. Indiana University Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-253-02237-0.
  7. ^ Middle East Institute
  8. ^ "Chronology: June 16, 1961 – September 15, 1961" (PDF). Middle East Journal. 15 (4): 436. 1961.
  9. ^ Samatar, Abdi Ismail. Africa's First Democrats: Somalia's Aden A. Osman and Abdirazak H. Hussen. Indian University Press. p. 102.
  10. ^ Lewis, I.M. (1988). A Modern History of the Somali. Avalon Publishing. p. 177.
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