1947 in India

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Timeline of Indian history

The year 1947 was a turning point in Indian history, marking the end of the British Raj. On August 15, 1947, India gained independence, leading to the creation of the Dominion of India, which in 1950 would establish the Sovereign, Democratic, Republic of India.

The year also witnessed the Rawalpindi Massacres, Partition of India, Jammu Massacres and violence against women. This culminated in creation of Pakistan and triggered one of the largest mass migrations in history.

Incumbents

Events

  • National income - ₹85,101 million

January - June

  • 20 February - Clement Attlee informs of decision to leave India by 1948.[1]
  • 1 March - Partition of India is finalised by Lord Mountbatten. Boundary Commission under Sir Radcliffe was setup to partition Punjab & Bengal.
  • 2 March - Sir Khizar Hayat Tiwana, leader of the Unionist Party (Punjab) and Premier of pre-Partition Punjab, resigns in protest against the Partition.[2]
  • 5 March - On the eve of Hindu festival of Holi, armed Muslim mobs started attacking Hindus and Sikhs in several cities of West Punjab, including the cantonment town of Rawalpindi and Multan, killing close to 200 in the latter with the casualties being mostly Hindu.[3][4] This marked the beginning of the 1947 Rawalpindi massacres.
  • 15 March – Hindus and Muslims clash in Punjab.
  • 15 March - Lord Mountbatten attempts his first effort to stop the Partition of Bengal & conduct the partition of Muslim majority Kashmir.
  • 16 March - Maharaja Hari Singh of Kashmir disapproves of Lord Mountbatten's proposal.
  • 22 March - Lord Mountbatten arrives in India.[5]
  • 25 March - Lord Mountbatten attempts his second effort to stop the Partition of Bengal & conduct the partition of Muslim-majority Kashmir.
  • 26 March - Jawaharlal Nehru disapproves of Lord Mountbatten's proposal but Muhammad Ali Jinnah accepts the proposal of Lord Mountbatten.
  • 2 April - Lord Mountbatten attempts his third effort to stop the Partition of Bengal & conduct the partition of Muslim-majority Kashmir. Gandhi starts his fast to keep India united.
  • 5 April - Talks on stopping the Partition of Bengal & conducting the partition of Muslim-majority Kashmir fails as Jawaharlal Nehru & Maharaja Hari Singh disapprove of Lord Mountbatten's proposal. Proposal stands 2-1 in favour of the Partition of Bengal.
  • 15 April - On the Bengali new year's day, Lord Mountbatten attempts his last ditch effort to stop the Partition of Bengal & conduct the partition of Muslim-majority Kashmir. Sir Radcliffe lends support to Lord Mountbatten as the proposal stands tied 2-2.
  • 1 May - Shyama Prasad Mukherjee writes to Lord Mountbatten & Sir Radcliffe demanding a plebiscite to decide on the Partition of Bengal. Proposal stands 3-2 in favour of the Partition of Bengal.
  • 18 May - Gandhi gives approval to the Partition of India after massive riots break out in Punjab & Bengal
  • 23 May - The Partition of Bengal was finalized. West Bengal was slated to have Jessore, Khulna, Barisal, & Dinajpur Districts along with other Western districts of Undivided Bengal. A Total of 110,000 square kilometres (42,000 sq mi) area was given to West Bengal.
  • 31 May - First Illegal Plebiscite to decide on the Partition of Bengal happens. Kolkata, Sunderbans, Murshidabad, Malda, Jessore, Khulna, Barisal, Kushtia, Pabna, Rajshahi, & Rangpur divisions of Bengal vote.
  • 1 June - Second Illegal Plebiscite to decide on the Partition of Bengal happens. Dhaka, Mymensingh, Sylhet, & Chattogram (Chittagong) vote in favour of joining East Pakistan.
  • 4 June - Shyama Prasad Mukherjee participated despite Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy pleading him not to participate. Mukherjee loses the Plebiscite. He becomes runner-up even after Fazlull Haque, the candidate of Muslim League abstained. The Muslim League then started Second Direct Action Day in Kolkata, to get Kolkata, Sundarbans, Murshidabad, Malda, Jessore, Khulna, Barisal, Kushtia, Pabna, Rajshahi, & Rangpur divisions to join East Pakistan. 1000-5000 people killed in Kolkata Riots on 4 June 1947. Again after 16 August 1946, Gopal Chandra Mukherjee also known as Gopal Patha, his aides Gopalnath Bhattacharya also known as Boro Gopal, & Chandi Upadhyay, cousin brother of Deendayal Upadhyay raided the second head office of Muslim League in Kolkata with 20,000 people to save Kolkata, Sundarbans, Jessore, Khulna, & Barisal from going into East Pakistan. All Muslim League leaders abandon second head office in Kolkata & flee to Dhaka.
  • 7 June - Malda & Murshidabad, which were given to East Pakistan, were forcibly swapped with Jessore, Khulna, & Barisal. Kolkata was saved & Sundarbans was divided between India & East Pakistan. West Bengal lost 15,000 square kilometres (5,800 sq mi) due to this Illegal Plebiscite, became 95,000 square kilometres (37,000 sq mi) area. This was a huge mistake done by Shyama Prasad Mukherjee by participating in the Illegal Kolkata plebiscite, falling in trap of Muslim League.

July - December

  • July - August – 1947 Pakistani Constituent Assembly election
  • 5 July – The Indian Independence Act was passed by the British Parliament.
  • 18 July – The Indian Independence Act received royal assent from the then British monarch, George VI.
  • 22 July – Constituent Assembly of India officially adopted the Tricolour flag as the National Flag.[6]
  • 30 July – Travancore formally accedes to join Dominion of India.[7] Though it was integrated into the Dominion of India in July 1949.[8]
  • 7 August – The Bombay Municipal Corporation formally takes over the Bombay Electric Supply and Transport (BEST).
  • 15 August – British India is dissolved and the Dominion of India gains its independence from the United Kingdom. A largely Hindu India and a Muslim Pakistan are created by partitions of the subcontinent, with Punjab and Bengal divided along religious-demographic boundaries between the two. Hindu – Muslim riots break out along both the western and eastern borders. Mass transfer of refugees takes place from the successor states of India to Pakistan and vice versa. The monarch of Kashmir signs instrument of accession with India in the face of heavy attack from Pakistani tribals, but at the same time he had signed a Standstill agreement with Pakistan. Mountbatten remains the Governor-general of India as wished by the Indians and Jawaharlal Nehru becomes the first Prime Minister of India. Nehru unfurls the Indian tricolor on the ramparts of the Red Fort, symbolically marking the end of British colonial rule.
  • August – October – Thousands massacred & 1 million migrations in Punjab.[9]
  • 13 September – Prime Minister Nehru suggests the transfer of 10 million Hindus and Muslims between India and Pakistan.
  • 27 October – Jammu and Kashmir formally accepts to join the Dominion of India.[10] Indian military is airlifted to Kashmir to counter the invasion by tribal militias from Pakistan. War breaks out between Indian and Pakistani forces in Kashmir. Pakistani tribal militias temporarily surrendered the area of Azad Kashmir that they had barricaded, as Indian forces pushed them back. With this, India gained de facto control of all the regions Jammu and Kashmir but temporarily. Also, Jammu and Kashmir became the first state of the Dominion of India, as the former directly administered regions were called provinces until 1950, and the title for the indirectly ruled princely regions was simply ‘state’. Although most of the other princely regions acceded earlier, they were not administratively integrated, whereas Jammu and Kashmir was, due to the airlifting of Indian forces.
  • 30 October – Sheikh Abdullah formed the Emergency Government in the state of Jammu and Kashmir to cooperate with the process of integration into India, thereby ending the monarch’s rule.[11]
  • 31 October – The AJK government regained control over Muzaffarabad and other surrounding regions. This was followed by taking control over other regions of Kashmir in the following days, though some of them were taken back by India again before the 1949 ceasefire, except present day Azad Kashmir areas.
  • 1 November – Major William Brown of the Gilgit Scouts led a coup against the Maharaja's appointed governor of the Gilgit region of Jammu and Kashmir, Ghansara Singh, liberating the Gilgit region from India's rule and paving the way for its integration into Pakistan.
  • 9 November – Junagadh joins the Dominion of India
  • 16 November – Pakistan took control of Gilgit.

Law

  • 10 August - Boundary Commission under Sir Radcliffe finally partitioned India. 300,000 square kilometres (120,000 sq mi) of area in Punjab got divided with 204,250 square kilometres (78,860 sq mi) going to West Pakistan (Only Pakistan since 1971). Remaining 95,750 square kilometres (36,970 sq mi) joins India as East Punjab. 250,000 square kilometres (97,000 sq mi) of area in Bengal got divided with 147,750 square kilometres (57,050 sq mi) going to East Pakistan (Bangladesh since 1971). Remaining 102,250 square kilometres (39,480 sq mi) joins India as West Bengal. (Later West Bengal lost 13,498 square kilometres (5,212 sq mi) more area to Bihar, Assam, & Odisha in 1948-53).
  • Indian Independence Act
  • Industrial Disputes Act
  • Gauhati University Act
  • Roorkee University Act
  • Rubber (Production and Marketing) Act
  • Indian Nursing Council Act
  • Foreign Exchange Regulation Act
  • Armed Forces (Emergency Duties) Act
  • United Nations (Security Council) Act
  • United Nations (Privileges and Immunities) Act

Births

Deaths

See also

References

  1. ^ Constitutionofindia.net 2025.
  2. ^ The Tribune 2025.
  3. ^ Ahmed 2011, p. 207.
  4. ^ Hajari 2015, p. 104.
  5. ^ Firstpost 2025.
  6. ^ "My India My Pride - Indian Tricolor - Know India: National Portal of India". knowindia.india.gov.in. Retrieved 24 December 2025.
  7. ^ "Who was Sir CP, whose 'independent Travancore mission' ended with assassination bid". The Indian Express. 13 November 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
  8. ^ "Kerala is 67 years old: Here is how the state was formed". The Indian Express. 1 November 2024. Retrieved 9 November 2025.
  9. ^ Everyman's Dictionary of Dates; 6th ed. J. M. Dent, 1971; p. 263
  10. ^ "HT This Day: 28 Oct 1947 – Kashmir accedes to India". Hindustan Times. 27 October 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2025.
  11. ^ "Kashmir Article 370 by Mohan Krishen Teng". ikashmir.net. Retrieved 7 December 2025.

Bibliography

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