1938 in film

The year 1938 in film involved some significant events, notably the release of Sergei Eisenstein's classic historical drama, Alexander Nevsky, with a score by Sergei Prokofiev; it was Eisenstein's first sound film.^[1]. Leni Riefenstahl's documentary Olympia, a propaganda film documenting the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, proves both controversial and influential^[2].

Top-grossing films (U.S.)

The top ten 1938 released films by box office gross in North America are as follows:

Highest-grossing films of 1938
Rank	Title	Distributor	Domestic rentals
1	Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs	RKO/Walt Disney	$3,996,000^[3]^[4]
2	Boys Town	MGM	$2,828,000^[5]
3	Alexander's Ragtime Band	20th Century Fox	$2,630,000^[6]
4	Test Pilot	MGM	$2,431,000^[5]
5	You Can't Take It with You	Columbia	$2,182,000^[6]
6	Sweethearts	MGM	$2,017,000^[7]
7	In Old Chicago	20th Century Fox	$1,964,000^[6]
8	The Adventures of Robin Hood	Warner Bros.	$1,928,000^[8]
9	Love Finds Andy Hardy	MGM	$1,637,000^[5]
10	Marie Antoinette	MGM	$1,633,000^[5]

Events

January – MGM announces that Judy Garland will be cast in the role of Dorothy Gale in the upcoming The Wizard of Oz film. Ray Bolger is cast as the Tin Woodman and Buddy Ebsen as the Scarecrow. At Bolger's insistence, the roles are switched between the two actors. On July 25, MGM announces Bert Lahr has been cast as the Cowardly Lion.
January 21 – Pioneering French film director Georges Méliès, best remembered for groundbreaking films like A Trip to the Moon and The Impossible Voyage, dies in Paris, aged 76.
February 4 – Walt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the first-ever American full-length animated feature film, is released nationally in the United States, less than two months after its premiere in Los Angeles. The film is a huge box office success, and briefly holds the record as the highest-grossing sound film of all time.
February 24 – The entertainment trade newspaper Variety confirms that the film studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) had bought the rights to adapt L. Frank Baum’s beloved children’s novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz for the screen.
March 12 – Child star Peggy Ann Garner progresses from modelling to an acting role in Little Miss Thoroughbred, which would be her screen debut.^[9]
April 5 – Noel Langley completes the first script for The Wizard of Oz.
April 20 – Leonard Slye appears in his first starring role as Roy Rogers in Under Western Stars. He becomes one of the most popular Western stars being ranked number one from 1943 to 1952 and would become known as "King of the Cowboys".
May 7 – Lyricist Yip Harburg and composer Harold Arlen begin work on the musical score for The Wizard of Oz.
May 14 – Release of Warner Bros.' epic swashbuckler film The Adventures of Robin Hood, starring Errol Flynn and Olivia de Havilland. Critically acclaimed for its vivid use of Technicolor, as well as its memorable action scenes, the film goes on to win three Academy Awards.
June 17 – Popular Australian comedian George Wallace stars in the first of his two films with Cinesound Productions, Let George Do It.^[10]
August 3 – Former silent film star Pearl White goes into a coma in a nursing home in France, suffering from cirrhosis of the liver.^[11]
October 7 – The Lady Vanishes, directed by Alfred Hitchcock and the first feature film released under a distribution deal between UK's Gaumont-British Picture Corporation and the US Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), is released in London cinemas.^[12]
October 13 – Filming starts on The Wizard of Oz on the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studio lot in Culver City, California, initially with Richard Thorpe as director.
October 21 – Buddy Ebsen suffers from a near fatal allergic reaction to the aluminum dust used in his Tin Woodman make-up on the set of The Wizard of Oz. Ebsen is replaced by Jack Haley.
December 22 – MGM's first feature film in three-strip Technicolor, Sweethearts, starring Jeanette MacDonald and Nelson Eddy, is released.
December 23 – Margaret Hamilton is severely burned during a mishap on the set of The Wizard of Oz. Hamilton, cast in the role of the Wicked Witch of the West, leaves the film for six weeks.
Orson Welles makes Too Much Johnson, starring Joseph Cotten. It is never completed and first released only in 2013.
Producer George Minter establishes Renown Pictures, a British film distributor.^[13]

Academy Awards

Best Picture: You Can't Take It with You – Columbia
Best Director: Frank Capra – You Can't Take It with You
Best Actor: Spencer Tracy – Boys Town
Best Actress: Bette Davis – Jezebel
Best Supporting Actor: Walter Brennan – Kentucky
Best Supporting Actress: Fay Bainter – Jezebel

Notable films

United States unless stated

1938 film releases

January–March

January 1938
- January 7
February 1938
- February 4
  - Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
  - The Buccaneer
- February 11
  - Gold is Where You Find It
  - Scandal Street
- February 18
  - Daredevil Drivers
  - The Big Broadcast of 1938
March 1938
- March 18
  - Bulldog Drummond's Peril
- March 25
  - Bluebeard's Eighth Wife
  - Jezebel

April–June

April 1938
- April 1
  - Tip-Off Girls
- April 7
  - The Adventures of Marco Polo
- April 8
  - Romance in the Dark
- April 15
  - The Feud Maker
  - Fools for Scandal
  - Her Jungle Love
- April 22
  - Test Pilot
May 1938
- May 7

- May 13
  - The Adventures of Robin Hood
  - Stolen Heaven
- May 20
  - Cocoanut Grove
- May 27
  - Hunted Men
June 1938
- June 2
  - Three Comrades
- June 17
  - Prison Farm

July–September

July 1938
- July 8
  - Marie Antoinette
- July 29
  - Booloo
  - Professor Beware
  - The Chaser

August 1938
- August 5
  - Alexander's Ragtime Band
  - Bulldog Drummond in Africa
- August 9
  - Four Daughters
- August 12
  - The Texans
- August 19
  - Give Me a Sailor
- August 26
  - Spawn of the North
September 1938
- September 9
  - Boys Town
- September 16
  - Too Hot to Handle
- September 29
  - You Can't Take It with You

October–December

October 1938
- October 14
  - Young Dr. Kildare
- October 28
  - The Citadel
  - Men with Wings
November 1938
- November 11
  - If I Were King
December 1938
- December 22
  - Sweethearts

Serials

Dick Tracy Returns, starring Ralph Byrd
The Fighting Devil Dogs, starring Lee Powell and Herman Brix
Flaming Frontiers
Flash Gordon's Trip to Mars, starring Buster Crabbe
The Great Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok
Hawk of the Wilderness, starring Herman Brix
The Lone Ranger
The Secret of Treasure Island
The Spider's Web
Red Barry

Comedy film series

Harold Lloyd (1913–1938)
Charlie Chaplin (1914–1940)
Lupino Lane (1915–1939)
Buster Keaton (1917–1944)
Laurel and Hardy (1921–1945)
Our Gang (1922–1944)
Marx Brothers (1929–1937)
The Three Stooges (1934–1959)

Animated short film series

Krazy Kat (1925–1940)
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit (1927-1938)
Mickey Mouse (1928–1953)
Silly Symphonies
- The Moth and the Flame
- Wynken, Blynken and Nod
- Farmyard Symphony
- Merbabies
- Mother Goose Goes Hollywood
Screen Songs (1929-1938)
Looney Tunes (1930–1969)
Terrytoons (1930–1964)
Merrie Melodies (1931–1969)
Scrappy (1931–1941)
Betty Boop (1932–1939)
Popeye (1933–1957)
Happy Harmonies (1934-1938)
Color Rhapsodies (1934–1949)
Donald Duck (1937–1956)
Walter Lantz Cartunes (also known as New Universal Cartoons or Cartune Comedies) (1938–1942)
The Captain and the Kids (1938–1939)

Births

January 1 – Frank Langella, American actor
January 3 – Tom Bower, American actor (died 2024)
January 4 – Jim Norton, Irish character actor
January 6
- Michael Graham Cox, English actor (died 1995)
- Larisa Shepitko, Soviet director (died 1979)
January 8 – Bob Eubanks, American television personality and game show host
January 9 – Nobuhiko Obayashi, Japanese filmmaker (died 2020)^[18]
January 12 – Lewis Fiander, Australian actor (died 2016)
January 13
- William B. Davis, Canadian actor
- Billy Gray, American actor
January 14 – Jack Jones, American singer, actor (died 2024)
January 16 – Michael Pataki, American actor (died 2010)
January 21
- Doug Lennox, Canadian actor and writer (died 2015)
- John Savident, British actor (died 2024)
January 26 – Henry Jaglom, American director and actor (died 2025)
January 29 – Aminah Cendrakasih, Indonesian actress (died 2022)
February 1 - Sherman Hemsley, American actor (died 2012)
February 2 – Bo Hopkins, American actor (died 2022)
February 3
- Marshall Efron, American actor (died 2019)
- John Mahon, American actor (died 2020)
- Victor Buono, American actor (died 1982)
February 9 - Fred Williams, German actor
February 13 – Oliver Reed, English actor (died 1999)
February 16 - Barry Primus, American actor, director and writer
February 17 – Yvonne Romain, English actress
February 19 – René Muñoz, Cuban-born actor, Mexico-based screenwriter (died 2000)
February 20 – Richard Beymer, American actor and film maker
February 22 – Karin Dor, German actress (died 2017)
February 23
- Alan Ford, English actor
- Jiří Menzel, Czech director (died 2020)
- Diane Varsi, American actress (died 1992)
February 24
- James Farentino, American actor (died 2012)
- Robert A. Silverman, Canadian actor
February 25
- Diane Baker, American actress and producer
- Malcolm Tierney, English actor (died 2014)
March 4 – Paula Prentiss, American actress
March 5 – Fred Williamson, American actor
March 8 – George Innes, British actor
March 9 – Charles Siebert, American actor and television director (died 2022)
March 10 – Micole Mercurio, American actress (died 2016)
March 18
- Carl Gottlieb, American screenwriter, actor and comedian
- Shashi Kapoor, Indian actor (died 2017)
March 25 – Hoyt Axton, American country music singer-songwriter, actor (died 1999)
April 2 – Hans-Michael Rehberg, German actor (died 2017)
April 6 – Roy Thinnes, American actor
April 15 – Claudia Cardinale, Italian actress (died 2025)
April 20 – Michael Greer, American actor and comedian (died 2002)
April 21 – Reni Santoni, American actor (died 2020)
April 23 – Katsuo Nakamura, Japanese actor
April 28 – Madge Sinclair, Jamaican actress (died 1995)
May 5
- Michael Murphy, American actor
- Jerzy Skolimowski, Polish director, screenwriter and actor
May 6 – Hartmut Becker, German actor (died 2022)
May 11 – Judy Farrell, American actress (died 2023)
May 12 – Luana Anders, American actress (died 1996)
May 13 – Buck Taylor, American actor
May 14 – Michael Preston, English actor
May 17 – Jason Bernard, American actor (died 1996)
May 19 – Bryan Marshall, British actor (died 2019)
May 20 – Rainer Basedow, German actor (died 2022)
May 22
- Richard Benjamin, American actor, director
- Frank Converse, American actor
- John Nolan, British actor
May 23 - Robert Watts, British film producer (died 2024)
May 24 – Tommy Chong, Canadian-American actor, writer, director, musician and comedian
June 7 – Ann Beach, British actress (died 2017)
June 12 – Tom Oliver, Australian actor
June 16
- Michael Culver, English actor (died 2024)
- Helen Ryan, British actress
June 18 – Michael Sheard, Scottish actor (died 2005)
June 19 - Ian Smith, Australian actor
June 21
- Ron Ely, American actor (died 2024)
- Celia Rodriguez, Filipina actress
June 25 – Giampiero Littera, Italian actor
July 6 – Luana Patten, American actress (died 1996)
July 8 – Andrey Myagkov, Soviet/Russian actor (died 2021)
July 9 – Brian Dennehy, American actor (died 2020)
July 11 – Jiří Krampol, Czech actor (died 2025)
July 18 – Paul Verhoeven, Dutch director
July 20
- Diana Rigg, English actress (died 2020)
- Natalie Wood, American actress (died 1981)
July 22 – Terence Stamp, English actor (died 2025)
July 23 – Ronny Cox, American actor, singer-songwriter
July 25
- Pilar Seurat, Philippine-American actress (died 2001)
- Renée Victor, American actress (died 2025)
July 27 - Danielle De Metz, French actress
July 29 - Enzo G. Castellari, Italian director, screenwriter and actor
July 30 – Michael Bell, American actor
August 6
- Paul Bartel, American actor, writer and director (died 2000)
- Peter Bonerz, American actor and director
August 8 – Connie Stevens, American actress, singer
August 9
- Burton Gilliam, American actor
- Michèle Girardon, French actress (died 1975)^[19]
August 14 - James Fargo, American film director
August 15
- Ron Dean, American actor (died 2025)
- Lucille Soong, Chinese-American actress
August 19 – Diana Muldaur, American actress^[20]
August 26 – Susan Harrison, American actress (died 2019)^[21]
August 29 – Elliott Gould, American actor
September 2
- Clarence Felder, American actor
- Giuliano Gemma, Italian actor (died 2013)
- Mary Jo Catlett, American actress
September 8 – Philip L. Clarke, American voice actor (died 2013)
September 9 - Bill Raymond, American actor
- September 12
- Michael Leader, English actor (died 2016)
- Anne Helm – Canadian actress
September 17 - Paul Benedict, American actor (died 2008)
September 26 – Jonathan Goldsmith, American character actor
September 28 – Ben E. King, American soul singer (died 2015)
October 1
- Tunç Başaran, Turkish screenwriter, film director, film producer and actor (died 2019)
- Tony Darrow, Italian-American actor
- Stella Stevens, American actress (died 2023)
October 2 – Rex Reed, American film critic and "actor"
October 4 – Loretta Long, American actress, voice artist and singer
October 10 – Steve Gordon, American filmmaker (died 1982)
October 12 - Geoff Murphy, New Zealand filmmaker, producer, director and screenwriter (died 2018)
October 13 – Christiane Hörbiger, Austrian actress (died 2022)
October 18
- Barbara Baldavin, American actress (died 2024)
- Dawn Wells, American actress (died 2020)
October 20 - Dolores Hart, American actress and nun
October 22
- Derek Jacobi, British actor
- Christopher Lloyd, American actor
October 30 – Ed Lauter, American actor and stand-up comedian (died 2013)
November 13 – Jean Seberg, American actress (died 1979)^[22]
November 20
- Ardeshir Kazemi, Iranian actor
- Dick Smothers, American actor, comedian, composer and musician
November 26 – Rich Little, Canadian-American voice actor
November 28 – Michael Ritchie, American director, producer and writer (died 2001)
December 6 – Patrick Bauchau, Belgian actor
December 12 - Leslie Schofield, English actor
December 14 – Hal Williams, American actor
December 16
- Neil Connery, Scottish actor (died 2021)^[23]
- Liv Ullmann, Norwegian actress
December 18 – Roger E. Mosley, American actor, director and writer (died 2022)
December 21 – Larry Bryggman, American actor
December 24 - Philippe Nahon, French actor (died 2020)
December 26 - Bahram Beyzai, Iranian filmmaker (died 2025)
December 28 - Frank Kelly, Irish actor (died 2016)
December 29 – Jon Voight, American actor

Deaths

January 19 – Robert McWade, 65, American actor, The Kennel Murder Case, The Dragon Murder Case, Cappy Ricks Returns, Mr. Cinderella
January 20 – Émile Cohl, 81, French film pioneer^[24]
January 21 – Georges Méliès, 76, French film pioneer, The Impossible Voyage, A Trip to the Moon, The Merry Frolics of Satan, The Conquest of the Pole
January 26 – Matthew Betz, 56, American actor, The Wedding March, The Patent Leather Kid, The Big House, The Hurricane Express
July 14 – Abel Adams, 59, Finnish producer^[25]
August 4 – Pearl White, 49, American silent film star, The Perils of Pauline, The Exploits of Elaine^[11]
August 6 – Warner Oland, 58, Swedish-born actor, The Jazz Singer, Shanghai Express, Charlie Chan in London, Charlie Chan at the Opera
September 19 – Pauline Frederick, 55, American stage & film actress, Thank You, Mr. Moto, Smouldering Fires, This Modern Age, Devil's Island
October 1 – Conway Tearle, 60, American stage & film actor, The Hurricane Express, Romeo and Juliet, Stella Maris, The Lost Zeppelin
December 25 – Harry Myers, 56, American film actor and director, City Lights, Baby
December 28 – Florence Lawrence, 48, Canadian actress, Hollywood's first "star", Lady Helen's Escapade (suicide)^[26]

Film debuts

Ronald Adam – The Drum
Dorothy Adams – Condemned Women
Billy Curtis – The Terror of Tiny Town
Gianni Agus – The Life of Giuseppe Verdi
Eddie Albert – Brother Rat
Jack Albertson – Next Time I Marry
John Archer – Flaming Frontiers
Vivian Austin – The Goldwyn Follies
Griff Barnett – The Lone Ranger
Yves Brainville – The Curtain Rises
Rossano Brazzi – Il destino in tasca
Paul Bryar – Professor Beware
Richard Carlson – The Young in Heart
Jean Claudio – Rasputin
Hans Conried – Dramatic School
Dora Doll – The Curtain Rises
Peter Finch – Dad and Dave Come to Town
Richard Fiske – Juvenile Court
Bill Fraser – Murder in the Family
John Garfield – Swingtime in the Movies
David Gorcey – Little Tough Guy
William Holden – Prison Farm
Patrick Holt – The Challenge
Bob Hope – The Big Broadcast of 1938
Carl Jaffe – Second Best Bed
Glynis Johns – South Riding
Evelyn Keyes – The Buccaneer
Harry Lauter – The Big Broadcast of 1938
June Lockhart – A Christmas Carol
Jeffrey Lynn – When Were You Born
Patrick Macnee – Pygmalion
Jerry Maren – The Terror of Tiny Town
Roddy McDowall – John Halifax
Shirley Mills – Child Bride
Peggy Moran – Gold Diggers in Paris
Reggie Nalder – Roxy and the Wonderteam
Tom Neal – Out West with the Hardys
James Nolan – Torchy Blane in Panama
Arthur O'Connell – Freshman Year
Maureen O'Hara – Kicking the Moon Around
Emory Parnell – Arson Gang Busters
Jon Pertwee – A Yank at Oxford
Leslie Phillips – Lassie from Lancashire
Hilda Plowright – Partners of the Plains
Robert Preston – King of Alcatraz
Vincent Price – Service de Luxe
Lillian Randolph – Life Goes On
Paula Raymond – Keep Smiling
Colette Régis – Rasputin
John Salew – George Takes the Air
Walter Sande – The Goldwyn Follies
Konstantin Shayne – Bulldog Drummond in Africa
Red Skelton – Having Wonderful Time
John Slater – Alf's Button Afloat
Shepperd Strudwick – Fast Company
Dub Taylor – You Can't Take It with You
Walter Tetley – A Trip to Paris
Victor Travers – You Can't Take It with You
Rick Vallin – Freshman Year
Charles Victor – The Return of the Frog
Janet Waldo – Cocoanut Grove
Cheryl Walker – Tip-Off Girls
Richard Wattis – A Yank of Oxford
Ilse Werner – Finale

References

^ ^a ^b Peter Rollberg (2016). Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema. US: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 40. ISBN 978-1442268425.
^ ^a ^b "All-Time 100 Movies". Time. 12 February 2005. Archived from the original on May 23, 2005. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
^ Jewell, Richard B. (1994). "RKO Film Grosses, 1929-1951: the C.J. Tevlin ledger". Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television. 14 (1): 37–49. doi:10.1080/01439689400260031.
^ Jewell, Richard B. (1994). "Appendix 1". Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television. 14 (S1): 1–11. doi:10.1080/01439689408604545.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d The Eddie Mannix Ledger, Los Angeles: Margaret Herrick Library, Center for Motion Picture Study.
^ ^a ^b ^c "All-time Film Rental Champs". Variety. October 15, 1990.
^ Turk, Edward Baron "Hollywood Diva: A Biography of Jeanette MacDonald" (University of California Press, 1998)
^ Warner Bros financial information in The William Schaefer Ledger. See Appendix 1, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, (1995) 15:sup1, 1–31 p 18 DOI: 10.1080/01439689508604551
^ "News of the Screen". New York Times. Mar 12, 1938.
^ Andrew Pike; Ross Cooper (1998). Australian Film 1900–1977: A Guide to Feature Film Production. Oxford University Press. p. 181.
^ ^a ^b "Pearl White, Famous in Early Movie Thriller, Dies of Liver Ailment". Herald-Journal. August 5, 1938. p. 1. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
^ ^a ^b "The Lady Vanishes". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. American Film Institute. Archived from the original on 3 December 2024.
^ McFarlane, Brian (2016). The Encyclopedia of British Film (fourth ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 1887. ISBN 9781526111968.
^ Handbook of Latin American Studies. University of Florida Press. 1981. p. 720.
^ LoBianco, Lorraine. "Algiers". Turner Classic Movies. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved February 20, 2024.
^ "Sixty Glorious Years (1938)". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016.
^ Mexican Cinema. British Film Institute. 1995. p. 283. ISBN 9780851705156.
^ Federation of Motion Picture Producers in Asia (1989). 34th Asia-Pacific Film Festival, 18-21 December 1989. Organizing Committee of 34th Asia-Pacific Film Festival.
^ "Michèle GIRARDON". notreCinema. Retrieved 21 March 2026.
^ Chase's Calendar of Events 2017: The Ultimate Go-To Guide for Special Days, Weeks and Months. Bernan Press. 2016. p. 420. ISBN 9781598888591.
^ Bartlett, Rhett (April 15, 2019). "Susan Harrison, 'Sweet Smell of Success' Actress, Dies at 80". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 18, 2022.
^ "Jean Seberg Found Dead in Paris; Actress Was Missing for 10 Days; A Life of Personal Tragedy". The New York Times. September 9, 1979. Retrieved May 6, 2010.
^ "Neil Connery obituary". thetimes.com. The Times. May 14, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2025.
^ Donald Crafton (1979). Emile Cohl and the Origins of the Animated Film. Yale University. p. 208.
^ Uusitalo, Kari. "Adams, Abel (1879–1938) | Biografiakeskus, Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura". Biografiakeskus, Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
^ "Florence Lawrence – Women Film Pioneers Project". wfpp.cdrs.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on September 22, 2015. Retrieved April 27, 2019.

External links

[Rollberg-1] Peter Rollberg (2016). Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema. US: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 40. ISBN 978-1442268425.

[Time2005-2] "All-Time 100 Movies". Time. 12 February 2005. Archived from the original on May 23, 2005. Retrieved 2010-05-20.

[tevlin-3] Jewell, Richard B. (1994). "RKO Film Grosses, 1929-1951: the C.J. Tevlin ledger". Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television. 14 (1): 37–49. doi:10.1080/01439689400260031.

[tevlina-4] Jewell, Richard B. (1994). "Appendix 1". Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television. 14 (S1): 1–11. doi:10.1080/01439689408604545.

[Mannix-5] The Eddie Mannix Ledger, Los Angeles: Margaret Herrick Library, Center for Motion Picture Study.

[AllTime-6] "All-time Film Rental Champs". Variety. October 15, 1990.

[Turk-7] Turk, Edward Baron "Hollywood Diva: A Biography of Jeanette MacDonald" (University of California Press, 1998)

[warners-8] Warner Bros financial information in The William Schaefer Ledger. See Appendix 1, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, (1995) 15:sup1, 1–31 p 18 DOI: 10.1080/01439689508604551

[9] "News of the Screen". New York Times. Mar 12, 1938.

[10] Andrew Pike; Ross Cooper (1998). Australian Film 1900–1977: A Guide to Feature Film Production. Oxford University Press. p. 181.

[Pearl-11] "Pearl White, Famous in Early Movie Thriller, Dies of Liver Ailment". Herald-Journal. August 5, 1938. p. 1. Retrieved April 8, 2014.

[AFI-12] "The Lady Vanishes". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. American Film Institute. Archived from the original on 3 December 2024.

[13] McFarlane, Brian (2016). The Encyclopedia of British Film (fourth ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 1887. ISBN 9781526111968.

[14] Handbook of Latin American Studies. University of Florida Press. 1981. p. 720.

[15] LoBianco, Lorraine. "Algiers". Turner Classic Movies. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved February 20, 2024.

[16] "Sixty Glorious Years (1938)". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016.

[17] Mexican Cinema. British Film Institute. 1995. p. 283. ISBN 9780851705156.

[18] Federation of Motion Picture Producers in Asia (1989). 34th Asia-Pacific Film Festival, 18-21 December 1989. Organizing Committee of 34th Asia-Pacific Film Festival.

[19] "Michèle GIRARDON". notreCinema. Retrieved 21 March 2026.

[20] Chase's Calendar of Events 2017: The Ultimate Go-To Guide for Special Days, Weeks and Months. Bernan Press. 2016. p. 420. ISBN 9781598888591.

[21] Bartlett, Rhett (April 15, 2019). "Susan Harrison, 'Sweet Smell of Success' Actress, Dies at 80". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 18, 2022.

[22] "Jean Seberg Found Dead in Paris; Actress Was Missing for 10 Days; A Life of Personal Tragedy". The New York Times. September 9, 1979. Retrieved May 6, 2010.

[23] "Neil Connery obituary". thetimes.com. The Times. May 14, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2025.

[24] Donald Crafton (1979). Emile Cohl and the Origins of the Animated Film. Yale University. p. 208.

[25] Uusitalo, Kari. "Adams, Abel (1879–1938) | Biografiakeskus, Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura". Biografiakeskus, Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. Retrieved 31 January 2013.

[26] "Florence Lawrence – Women Film Pioneers Project". wfpp.cdrs.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on September 22, 2015. Retrieved April 27, 2019.

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