1892 United States presidential election in Michigan

Main article: 1892 United States presidential election
1892 United States presidential election in Michigan
November 8, 1892
 
Nominee Benjamin Harrison Grover Cleveland
Party Republican Democratic
Home state Indiana New York
Running mate Whitelaw Reid Adlai Stevenson I
Electoral vote 9 5
Popular vote 222,708 202,296
Percentage 47.72% 43.34%
President before election

Benjamin Harrison
Republican

Elected President

Grover Cleveland
Democratic

The 1892 United States presidential election in Michigan took place on November 8, 1892. All contemporary 44 states were part of the 1892 United States presidential election. Voters chose 14 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.

Uniquely, this remains the only presidential election where Michigan used the congressional district method of distributing electoral votes rather than the traditional election of each elector by the state as a whole. The switch was made by the newly elected 1890 Democratic legislature, which had gained control of the state for the first time since before the Civil War.[1][2] The change was an attempt at boosting Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland's chances of winning a second, nonconsecutive term, who had run in the previous election and won the popular vote, but lost in the electoral college. Controversial among Republicans, the party fought all the way to the Supreme Court in efforts to prevent it, the Court ruling in McPherson v. Blacker that allocating electoral votes this way was constitutional.[3] The split ultimately had no effect in Cleveland's victory, and the system was quickly repealed when Republicans regained control after the election. This is the only instance of Michigan splitting its electoral votes among multiple candidates. A law later passed in 1954 that prohibits faithless electors prevents a similar occurrence, barring a return to the district method.[4][5]

Michigan was won by the Republican nominees: incumbent President Benjamin Harrison of Indiana and his running mate Whitelaw Reid of New York. The pair received nine of the state's electoral votes, while the Democratic ticket earned five.

Cleveland became the first Democratic presidential candidate since Franklin Pierce in 1852 to get electoral votes from Michigan, although the state wouldn't send a full slate of Democratic electors to the Electoral College until Franklin Delano Roosevelt won it in 1932.

Statewide results

Michigan was divided into two at large districts that chose one elector each. Cleveland won the eastern district and Harrison won the western district. Both districts also separately elected alternate presidential electors.

At Large districts

1892 United States presidential election in Michigan - Eastern District[6][7]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic George H. Durand 108,956 46.90%
Republican William McPherson Jr. 107,418 46.24%
Prohibition Henry A. Reynolds 8,633 3.72%
Populist William R. Alger 7,169 3.09%
Independent Scattering 61[a] 0.03%
Independent Blank 73 0.03%
Total votes 232,310 100.00%
Plurality 1,538 0.66%
1892 United States presidential election in Michigan - Western District[6][7]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jay A. Hubbell 115,290 49.18%
Democratic John Power 93,340 39.82%
Populist Oscar F. Bean 12,762 5.44%
Prohibition Samuel Dickie 12,224 5.21%
Independent Scattering 791[b] 0.34%
Total votes 234,407 100.00%
Plurality 21,950 9.36%

The statewide results for the presidential candidates themselves are the combined results for their respective electors in the eastern and western districts. Note, however, that the full statewide results had no effect on the outcome; all electors were chosen individually. Each voter chose only two of the state's 14 electors: one for their respective at large district and one for their respective congressional district (see below).

1892 United States presidential election in Michigan[6][7]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Benjamin Harrison (incumbent) 222,708 47.72%
Democratic Grover Cleveland 202,296 43.34%
Prohibition John Bidwell 20,857 4.47%
Populist James B. Weaver 19,931 4.27%
Independent Scattering 852 0.18%
Independent Blank 73 0.02%
Total votes 466,717 100.00%
Plurality 20,412 4.37%

Results by county

County[6][7] Benjamin Harrison
Republican 		Grover Cleveland
Democratic 		John Bidwell
Prohibition 		James B. Weaver
Populist 		Margin Total votes cast
# % # % # % # % # %
Alcona 556 57.32% 380 39.18% 29 2.99% 5 0.52% 176 18.14% 970
Alger 160 50.31% 156 49.06% 2 0.63% 0 0.00% 4 1.26% 318
Allegan 4,283 50.96% 3,207 38.16% 544 6.47% 371 4.41% 1,076 12.80% 8,405
Alpena 1,526 49.11% 1,536 49.44% 26 0.84% 19 0.61% -10 -0.32% 3,107
Antrim 1,140 52.17% 814 37.25% 164 7.51% 67 3.07% 326 14.92% 2,185
Arenac 322 27.81% 373 32.21% 26 2.25% 437 37.74% -64[c] -5.53% 1,158
Baraga 375 36.76% 630 61.76% 12 1.18% 3 0.29% -255 -25.00% 1,020
Barry 2,854 49.20% 1,800 31.03% 297 5.12% 850 14.65% 1,054 18.17% 5,801
Bay 4,587 42.96% 5,714 53.51% 187 1.75% 190 1.78% -1,127 -10.55% 10,678
Benzie 774 52.47% 498 33.76% 101 6.85% 102 6.92% 276 18.71% 1,475
Berrien 4,979 48.55% 4,716 45.98% 426 4.15% 135 1.32% 263 2.56% 10,256
Branch 3,271 49.68% 2,161 32.82% 426 6.47% 726 11.03% 1,110 16.86% 6,584
Calhoun 5,077 48.10% 4,150 39.31% 710 6.73% 619 5.86% 927 8.78% 10,556
Cass 2,731 47.71% 2,424 42.35% 180 3.14% 389 6.80% 307 5.36% 5,724
Charlevoix 1,101 53.14% 688 33.20% 141 6.81% 142 6.85% 413 19.93% 2,072
Cheboygan 1,094 44.27% 1,224 49.53% 74 2.99% 79 3.20% -130 -5.26% 2,471
Chippewa 1,247 52.33% 1,083 45.45% 35 1.47% 18 0.76% 164 6.88% 2,383
Clare 719 41.90% 811 47.26% 167 9.73% 0 0.00% -92 -5.36% 1,716[d]
Clinton 3,133 48.42% 2,756 42.60% 258 3.99% 323 4.99% 377 5.83% 6,470
Crawford 300 48.62% 306 49.59% 3 0.49% 8 1.30% -6 -0.97% 617
Delta 1,769 54.30% 1,412 43.34% 40 1.23% 37 1.14% 357 10.96% 3,258
Dickinson 1,606 51.05% 1,255 39.89% 255 8.11% 30 0.95% 351 11.16% 3,146
Eaton 3,788 48.24% 2,837 36.13% 498 6.34% 730 9.30% 951 12.11% 7,853
Emmet 1,015 46.28% 1,059 48.29% 102 4.65% 17 0.78% -44 -2.01% 2,193
Genesee 4,785 50.14% 3,712 38.90% 590 6.18% 456 4.78% 1,073 11.24% 9,543
Gladwin 531 60.82% 325 37.23% 13 1.49% 4 0.46% 206 23.60% 873
Gogebic 2,344 57.25% 1,615 39.45% 116 2.83% 19 0.46% 729 17.81% 4,094
Grand Traverse 1,734 54.70% 924 29.15% 185 5.84% 327 10.32% 810 25.55% 3,170
Gratiot 3,037 48.83% 1,661 26.70% 256 4.12% 1,266 20.35% 1,376 22.12% 6,220
Hillsdale 4,119 53.65% 2,613 34.03% 486 6.33% 460 5.99% 1,506 19.61% 7,678
Houghton 3,316 45.84% 2,607 36.04% 568 7.85% 0 0.00% 709 9.80% 7,234[e]
Huron 1,692 35.35% 2,222 46.42% 175 3.66% 698 14.58% -530 -11.07% 4,787
Ingham 4,341 44.08% 4,061 41.23% 499 5.07% 948 9.63% 280 2.84% 9,849
Ionia 4,288 49.45% 3,779 43.58% 379 4.37% 225 2.59% 509 5.87% 8,671
Iosco 1,393 49.57% 1,336 47.54% 58 2.06% 23 0.82% 57 2.03% 2,810
Iron 918 59.26% 587 37.90% 0 0.00% 15 0.97% 331 21.37% 1,549[f]
Isabella 1,859 45.42% 1,762 43.05% 153 3.74% 319 7.79% 97 2.37% 4,093
Jackson 5,130 45.02% 5,005 43.92% 571 5.01% 690 6.05% 125 1.10% 11,396
Kalamazoo 4,968 50.56% 4,018 40.90% 449 4.57% 390 3.97% 950 9.67% 9,825
Kalkaska 717 59.45% 389 32.26% 60 4.98% 40 3.32% 328 27.20% 1,206
Kent 12,388 46.31% 11,533 43.11% 1,411 5.27% 1,418 5.30% 855 3.20% 26,750
Keweenaw 400 65.36% 202 33.01% 5 0.82% 5 0.82% 198 32.35% 612
Lake 648 47.79% 610 44.99% 63 4.65% 35 2.58% 38 2.80% 1,356
Lapeer 3,126 49.11% 2,698 42.39% 313 4.92% 228 3.58% 428 6.72% 6,365
Leelanau 769 53.63% 492 34.31% 44 3.07% 129 9.00% 277 19.32% 1,434
Lenawee 5,833 46.86% 5,592 44.92% 910 7.31% 114 0.92% 241 1.94% 12,449
Livingston 2,447 43.76% 2,385 42.65% 365 6.53% 395 7.06% 62 1.11% 5,592
Luce 234 55.45% 160 37.91% 25 5.92% 3 0.71% 74 17.54% 422
Mackinac 478 35.41% 855 63.33% 9 0.67% 8 0.59% -377 -27.93% 1,350
Macomb 2,788 41.50% 3,584 53.35% 290 4.32% 56 0.83% -796 -11.85% 6,718
Manistee 1,481 35.42% 2,310 55.25% 231 5.52% 159 3.80% -829 -19.83% 4,181
Manitou 5 3.36% 144 96.64% 0 0.00% 0 0.00% -139 -93.29% 149
Marquette 3,874 53.03% 2,850 39.01% 536 7.34% 45 0.62% 1,024 14.02% 7,305
Mason 1,426 45.85% 1,383 44.47% 258 8.30% 43 1.38% 43 1.38% 3,110
Mecosta 1,970 51.76% 1,484 38.99% 220 5.78% 132 3.47% 486 12.77% 3,806
Menominee 1,853 48.43% 1,801 47.07% 134 3.50% 38 0.99% 52 1.36% 3,826
Midland 1,069 46.16% 815 35.19% 118 5.09% 314 13.56% 254 10.97% 2,316
Missaukee 665 48.61% 622 45.47% 61 4.46% 20 1.46% 43 3.14% 1,368
Monroe 2,914 41.50% 3,769 53.68% 224 3.19% 114 1.62% -855 -12.18% 7,021
Montcalm 3,623 53.31% 2,205 32.45% 265 3.90% 703 10.34% 1,418 20.87% 6,796
Montmorency 246 47.67% 255 49.42% 10 1.94% 5 0.97% -9 -1.74% 516
Muskegon 3,830 49.76% 3,301 42.89% 322 4.18% 244 3.17% 529 6.87% 7,697
Newaygo 2,106 51.02% 1,531 37.09% 286 6.93% 205 4.97% 575 13.93% 4,128
Oakland 4,763 44.98% 4,925 46.51% 728 6.87% 174 1.64% -162 -1.53% 10,590
Oceana 1,635 47.38% 1,416 41.03% 312 9.04% 88 2.55% 219 6.35% 3,451
Ogemaw 594 50.64% 514 43.82% 26 2.22% 39 3.32% 80 6.82% 1,173
Ontonagon 678 38.68% 1,041 59.38% 19 1.08% 15 0.86% -363 -20.71% 1,753
Osceola 1,601 51.13% 1,092 34.88% 310 9.90% 128 4.09% 509 16.26% 3,131
Oscoda 273 59.09% 180 38.96% 5 1.08% 4 0.87% 93 20.13% 462
Otsego 525 47.60% 531 48.14% 32 2.90% 15 1.36% -6 -0.54% 1,103
Ottawa 3,643 50.82% 2,996 41.79% 180 2.51% 350 4.88% 647 9.02% 7,169
Presque Isle 290 34.77% 471 56.47% 7 0.84% 5 0.60% -181 -21.70% 834[g]
Roscommon 239 44.26% 286 52.96% 9 1.67% 6 1.11% -47 -8.70% 540
Saginaw 6,737 44.37% 7,601 50.07% 254 1.67% 590 3.89% -864 -5.69% 15,182
Sanilac 2,494 54.34% 1,730 37.69% 288 6.27% 78 1.70% 764 16.64% 4,590
Schoolcraft 570 41.79% 650 47.65% 101 7.40% 43 3.15% -80 -5.87% 1,364
Shiawassee 3,619 47.79% 2,994 39.54% 677 8.94% 283[h][8] 3.74% 625 8.25% 7,573
St. Clair 5,371 48.82% 5,248 47.70% 228 2.07% 81 0.74% 123 1.12% 11,001[i]
St. Joseph 2,824 43.93% 2,441 37.97% 185 2.88% 978 15.21% 383 5.96% 6,428
Tuscola 3,201 49.42% 2,667 41.18% 397 6.13% 212 3.27% 534 8.24% 6,477
Van Buren 3,788 54.05% 2,182 31.14% 403 5.75% 635 9.06% 1,606 22.92% 7,008
Washtenaw 4,362 41.99% 5,508 53.02% 448 4.31% 70 0.67% -1,146 -11.03% 10,388
Wayne 26,361 47.81% 27,580 50.02% 702 1.27% 495 0.90% -1,219 -2.21% 55,138
Wexford 1,388 49.91% 1,156 41.57% 185 6.65% 52 1.87% 232 8.34% 2,781
Totals 222,708 47.72% 202,296[j] 43.34% 20,857 4.47% 19,931 4.27% 20,412 4.37% 466,717

Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

District results

The remaining 12 electors were chosen by congressional district. Michigan gained one seat in the United States House of Representatives as a result of the 1890 United States Census and the state legislature redistricted prior to the 1892 elections. Each of the state's 12 congressional districts voted for a single presidential elector. Harrison won 8 of the 12 congressional districts. As with the at large districts, a full slate of alternate electors were also on the ballot.

Summary

District[6][7] Benjamin Harrison
Republican 		Grover Cleveland
Democratic 		John Bidwell
Prohibition 		James B. Weaver
Populist 		Margin Total votes cast
# % # % # % # % # %
1st district 18,332 47.06% 19,990 51.32% 340 0.87% 291 0.75% -1,658 -4.26% 38,953
2nd district 20,947 44.71% 22,427 47.87% 2,401 5.13% 1,072 2.29% -1,480 -3.16% 46,847
3rd district 21,233 49.97% 15,756 37.08% 2,562 6.03% 2,938 6.91% 5,477 12.89% 42,489
4th district 21,402 49.19% 20,084 46.16% 2,024 4.65% 0 0.00% 1,318 3.03% 43,510
5th district 20,187 47.72% 18,173 42.96% 1,967 4.65% 1,980 4.68% 2,014 4.76% 42,307
6th district 21,324 47.10% 19,590 43.27% 2,286 5.05% 2,070 4.57% 1,734 3.83% 45,270
7th district 15,723 45.05% 15,984 45.80% 1,283 3.68% 1,842 5.28% -261 -0.75% 34,902[k]
8th district 16,672 47.27% 15,298 43.37% 1,218 3.45% 1,149 3.26% 1,374 3.90% 35,271[l]
9th district 14,036 47.25% 12,853 43.27% 1,754 5.90% 1,062 3.58% 1,183 3.98% 29,705
10th district 14,370 45.89% 14,972 47.82% 741 2.37% 1,167 3.73% -602 -1.92% 31,311[g]
11th district 18,379 50.75% 12,734 35.16% 1,961 5.41% 3,143 8.68% 5,645 15.59% 36,217
12th district 19,811 50.06% 16,888 42.68% 1,851 4.68% 1,023 2.59% 2,923 7.39% 39,573
Totals 222,416 47.69% 204,749 43.90% 20,388 4.37% 17,737 3.80% 17,667 3.79% 466,355

District 1

The 1st district was located entirely in Wayne County, covering the 1st through 11th and 13th and 15th wards of the city of Detroit. This was Cleveland's strongest district.

1892 United States presidential election in Michigan - 1st district[6][7]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Rufus W. Gillett 19,990 51.32%
Republican J. Henry Carstens 18,332 47.06%
Prohibition Leicester B. Dodge 340 0.87%
Populist Arthur B. Hartford 291 0.75%
Total votes 38,953 100.00%
Majority 1,658 4.26%

District 2

The 2nd district consisted of Jackson County, Lenawee County, Monroe County, Washtenaw County, and part of Wayne County[m].

1892 United States presidential election in Michigan - 2nd district[6][7]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Edwin R. Smith 22,427 47.87%
Republican Charles E. Hiscock 20,947 44.71%
Prohibition Joseph B. Steere 2,401 5.13%
Populist Martin G. Loenneker 1,072 2.29%
Total votes 46,847 100.00%
Plurality 1,480 3.16%

District 3

The 3rd district consisted of Branch County, Calhoun County, Eaton County, Hillsdale County, and Kalamazoo County. This was Bidwell's strongest district.

1892 United States presidential election in Michigan - 3rd district[6][7]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Otto Ihling 21,233 49.97%
Democratic James S. Upton 15,756 37.08%
Populist Henry I. Allen 2,938 6.91%
Prohibition John H. Ferguson 2,562 6.03%
Total votes 42,489 100.00%
Plurality 5,477 12.89%

District 4

The 4th district consisted of Allegan County, Barry County, Berrien County, Cass County, St. Joseph County, and Van Buren County. The Populists nominated the Democratic district elector for their ticket; thus there no votes for Weaver in this district.[9]

1892 United States presidential election in Michigan - 4th district[6][7]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Philip T. Colgrove 21,402 49.19%
Democratic Edward Hutchins 20,084 46.16%
Prohibition Hamilton S. McMaster 2,024 4.65%
Total votes 43,510 100.00%
Plurality 1,318 3.03%

District 5

The 5th district consisted of Ionia County, Kent County, and Ottawa County.

1892 United States presidential election in Michigan - 5th district[6][7]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Conrad G. Swenberg 20,187 47.72%
Democratic Thomas Hefferan 18,173 42.96%
Populist Nathan B. Hayes 1,980 4.68%
Prohibition William Frye 1,967 4.65%
Total votes 42,307 100.00%
Plurality 2,014 4.76%

District 6

The 6th district consisted of Genesee County, Ingham County, Livingston County, Oakland County, and part of Wayne County[n].

1892 United States presidential election in Michigan - 6th district[6][7]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Henry A. Haigh 21,324 47.10%
Democratic Orlando F. Barnes 19,590 43.27%
Prohibition Lucius H. Ives 2,286 5.05%
Populist George Northrop 2,070 4.57%
Total votes 45,270 100.00%
Plurality 1,734 3.83%

District 7

The 7th district consisted of Huron County, Lapeer County, Macomb County, Sanilac County, St. Clair County, and part of Wayne County[o]. This was the closest of the district races, with Cleveland's elector winning by only 261 votes.

1892 United States presidential election in Michigan - 7th district[6][7]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Frank W. Hubbard 15,984 45.80%
Republican James H. White 15,723 45.05%
Populist Jedediah Spalding 1,842 5.28%
Prohibition George W. Smith 1,283[p] 3.68%
Independent Blank 70 0.20%
Total votes 34,902 100.00%
Plurality 261 0.75%

District 8

The 8th district consisted of Clinton County, Saginaw County, Shiawassee County, and Tuscola County.

1892 United States presidential election in Michigan - 8th district[6][7]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Frank Slocum 16,672 47.27%
Democratic William A. Woodard 15,298 43.37%
Prohibition William A. Heartt 1,218 3.45%
Populist Philo P. Miner 1,149 5.28%
Independent James M. Goodell 934 2.65%
Total votes 35,271 100.00%
Plurality 1,374 3.90%

District 9

The 9th district consisted of Benzie County, Lake County, Leelanau County, Manistee County, Manitou County, Mason County, Muskegon County, Newaygo County, Oceana County,and Wexford County.

1892 United States presidential election in Michigan - 9th district[6][7]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican James S. Stearns 14,036 47.25%
Democratic Martin Waalkes 12,853 43.27%
Prohibition Oscar A. Rowland 1,754[q] 5.90%
Populist George R. Kinsman 1,062 3.58%
Total votes 29,705 100.00%
Plurality 1,183 3.98%

District 10

The 10th district consisted of Alcona County, Alpena County, Arenac County, Bay County, Cheboygan County, Crawford County, Emmet County, Gladwin County, Iosco County, Midland County, Montmorency County, Ogemaw County, Oscoda County, Otsego County, and Presque Isle County. Cleveland and Harrison tied in Alpena County (Cleveland won Alpena County by 10 votes in the Eastern district) and Weaver won Arenac County (which he also did in the Eastern district).

1892 United States presidential election in Michigan - 10th district[6][7]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Worthy L. Churchill 14,972 47.82%
Republican John Millen 14,370 45.89%
Populist Mendel J. Bailey 1,167 3.73%
Prohibition Clarence M. Church 741 2.37%
Independent Scattering 61[r] 0.19%
Total votes 31,311 100.00%
Plurality 602 1.92%

District 11

The 11th district consisted of Antrim County, Charlevoix County, Clare County, Grand Traverse County, Gratiot County, Isabella County, Kalkaska County, Mecosta County, Missaukee County, Montcalm County, Osceola County, and Roscommon County. This was the strongest district for both Harrison and Weaver.

1892 United States presidential election in Michigan - 11th district[6][7]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Julius T. Hannah 18,379 50.75%
Democratic Lyman H. Pratt 12,734 35.16%
Populist Dewitt Vought 3,143 8.68%
Prohibition George W. Hall 1,961 5.41%
Total votes 36,217 100.00%
Majority 5,645 15.59%

District 12

The 12th district consisted of Alger County, Baraga County, Chippewa County, Delta County, Dickinson County, Gogebic County, Houghton County, Iron County, Keweenaw County, Luce County, Mackinac County, Marquette County, Menominee County, Ontonagon County, and Schoolcraft County.

1892 United States presidential election in Michigan - 12th district[6][7]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican John H. Comstock 19,811 50.06%
Democratic Frederick Braastad 16,888 42.68%
Prohibition Trowbridge Johns 1,851 4.68%
Populist Oscar M. Drake 1,023 2.59%
Total votes 39,573 100.00%
Majority 2,923 7.39%

See also

Notes

  1. ^ 54 votes for Archibald McDonell and 7 votes for Charles W. Deland (misspelling of Charles V. De Land). McDonell and De Land were the respective Republican and Democratic candidates for alternate elector in this district.
  2. ^ 743 votes for William R. Alger, 29 votes for Trowbridge Johns, and 19 votes for Alsor F. Bean (apparent misspelling of Oscar F. Bean). Alger was the Populist nominee in the Eastern District and Johns was the Prohibition nominee in the 12th congressional district.
  3. ^ In this county where Weaver ran ahead of Harrison and also Cleveland, margin given is Cleveland vote minus Weaver vote and percentage margin Cleveland percentage minus Weaver percentage.
  4. ^ Includes 19 Scattering votes.
  5. ^ Includes 743 Scattering votes.
  6. ^ Includes 29 Scattering votes.
  7. ^ a b Includes 61 Scattering votes.
  8. ^ The 1893-1894 Michigan Manual contains a typo for Alger in this county. The correct figure is 283, not 383.
  9. ^ Includes 73 Blank votes.
  10. ^ The county figures add up to 202,396; the error is in the eastern district with Durand's county results adding up to 109,056 rather than the stated 108,956.
  11. ^ Includes 70 Blank votes.
  12. ^ Includes 934 Scattering votes.
  13. ^ Specifically, the townships of Brownstown, Canton, Ecorse, Huron, Monguagon, Plymouth, Romulus, Sumpter, Taylor, and Van Buren, and the city of Wyandotte.
  14. ^ Specifically, the townships of Dearborn, Greenfield, Livonia, Nankin, Redford, and Springwells, and the 12th, 14th, and 16th wards of the city of Detroit.
  15. ^ Specifically, the townships of Grosse Pointe and Hamtramck.
  16. ^ Includes 506 votes for "George Washington Smith" that were counted separately.
  17. ^ Includes 61 votes in Oceana County for "Oscar Rowland" that were listed separately.
  18. ^ 54 for Milo Eastman and 7 for Rasmus Hanson, who were the Democratic and Republican alternate elector candidates, respectively.

References

  1. ^ Egan, Paul. “Democrats Once Pulled the Same Electoral College Stunt.” Detroit Free Press, 21 Nov. 2014, http://www.freep.com/story/news/politics/2014/11/20/michigan-white-house-presidential-election-electoral-college/70028908/.
  2. ^ Braun, Ken. “Ken Braun: It Didn't Matter Much When Democrats Decided to Divide Michigan's Electoral College Votes.” MLive.com, 19 Nov. 2014, http://www.mlive.com/lansing-news/index.ssf/2014/11/ken_braun_it_didnt_matter_much.html.
  3. ^ McPherson v. Blacker, 146 U.S. 1 (1892).
  4. ^ “Section 168.47 .” Michigan Legislature - Section 168.47, Legislative Council, State of Michigan, http://legislature.mi.gov/doc.aspx?mcl-168-47.
  5. ^ “The Electoral College.” National Conference of State Legislators, 22 Aug. 2016, http://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/the-electoral-college.aspx#faithless.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Jochim, John W., ed. (1893). Official Directory and Legislative Manual of the State of Michigan for the Years 1893-1894. Lansing: Robert Smith & Co., State Printers and Binders. pp. 390–402. Retrieved January 19, 2026.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Official Canvass of the State of Michigan, 1892". The Lansing Journal. Lansing. February 3, 1893. pp. 3–6. Retrieved January 19, 2026.
  8. ^ "The Official Vote". The Times. Owosso. November 25, 1892. p. 1. Retrieved January 19, 2026.
  9. ^ "Sample Ballot". St. Joseph Saturday Herald. St. Joseph. November 5, 1892. p. 11. Retrieved January 19, 2026.
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