1391
| Years |
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| Millennium |
| 2nd millennium |
| Centuries |
| Decades |
| Years |
| 1391 by topic |
|---|
| Leaders |
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| Birth and death categories |
| Births – Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments – Disestablishments |
| Art and literature |
| 1391 in poetry |
| Gregorian calendar | 1391 MCCCXCI |
|---|---|
| Ab urbe condita | 2144 |
| Armenian calendar | 840 ԹՎ ՊԽ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6141 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1312–1313 |
| Bengali calendar | 797–798 |
| Berber calendar | 2341 |
| English Regnal year | 14 Ric. 2 – 15 Ric. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1935 |
| Burmese calendar | 753 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6899–6900 |
| Chinese calendar | 庚午年 (Metal Horse) 4088 or 3881 — to — 辛未年 (Metal Goat) 4089 or 3882 |
| Coptic calendar | 1107–1108 |
| Discordian calendar | 2557 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1383–1384 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5151–5152 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1447–1448 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1312–1313 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4491–4492 |
| Holocene calendar | 11391 |
| Igbo calendar | 391–392 |
| Iranian calendar | 769–770 |
| Islamic calendar | 793–794 |
| Japanese calendar | Meitoku 2 (明徳２年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1304–1305 |
| Julian calendar | 1391 MCCCXCI |
| Korean calendar | 3724 |
| Minguo calendar | 521 before ROC 民前521年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −77 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1933–1934 |
| Tibetan calendar | ལྕགས་ཕོ་རྟ་ལོ་ (male Iron-Horse) 1517 or 1136 or 364 — to — ལྕགས་མོ་ལུག་ལོ་ (female Iron-Sheep) 1518 or 1137 or 365 |
Year 1391 (MCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–March
- January 16 – Yusuf II succeeds Muhammed V, as Nasrid Sultan of Granada (now southern Spain).[1]
- January 21 – Vytautas the Great, claimant to the throne of Lithuania, forges an alliance with the Grand Duchy of Moscow as his daughter, Sophia marries Vasily, Grand Prince of Muscovy.[2]
- February 16 –Manuel II Palaiologos becomes Byzantine emperor after his father, John V Palaiologos, dies from a nervous breakdown, due to his continued humiliation by the Ottoman Empire.[3]
- March 4– The University of Ferrara is founded on the Italian Peninsula.[4]
- March 10 – Stephen Dabiša succeeds Stephen Tvrtko I, as King of Bosnia.[5]
- March 12 – Konrad von Wallenrode succeeds Konrad Zöllner von Rotenstein, as Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.[6]
April–June
- April 1 – Rebelling against the rule of King Martin of Sicily, the rebel Brancaleone Doria begins the takeover of the island of Sardinia by laying siege to the Castel di Cagliari.[7]
- April 6 – Antoniotto Adorno returns to office as Doge of the Republic of Genoa after persuading Doge Giacomo Fregoso (who had replaced him eight months earlier) to resign.[8]
- May 27 – Dominique de Flourence, Bishop of Saint-Pons-de-Thomières, helps conclude a peace agreement between the Kingdom of France and the Crown of Castile, based on his influence as France's legate to King Juan I of Castile.[9]
- June 6 – Massacre of 1391: Anti-Jewish pogroms erupt in Seville, Spain.[10] Many thousands of Jews are massacred, and the violence spreads throughout Spain and Portugal, especially to Toledo, Barcelona and Mallorca. This event marks a turning-point in the history of the Spanish Jews, with most of the survivors leaving the Iberian Peninsula or being forced to convert.
July–September
- July 18 – Tokhtamysh–Timur war – Battle of the Kondurcha River: Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde, in present day southeast Russia.[11]
- August 16 – Brancaleone Doria takes control of Sassari and Osilo as he gains further power in Sardinia.[7]
- September 7 – King Richard II summons the English Parliament and directs the members to assemble at Winchester on November 3.
October–December
- October 3 – Brancaleone Doria captures Villa di Chiesa in Sardinia.[7]
- October 7 – Bridget of Sweden is canonized by Pope Boniface IX.
- November 2 – At Chambéry (now in France), Amadeus the Peaceful becomes the new Count of Savoy at the age of 8[12] upon the death from tetanus of his 31-year-old father, Amadeus VII, the Red Count, who was injured in a hunting accident.[13] Bonne of Bourbon, the mother of the older Amadeus, serves as regent for her grandson until 1397.
- November 2 – Al-Nasir Muhammad Salah al-Din, Imam of the Zaydi sect of Shia Islam in Yemen, dies at San'a from injuries sustained from being thrown off of his mule.[14] Nasir's death is not announced for two months while his son Al-Mansur Ali bin Salah ad-Din becomes the new Imam but three other claimants attempt to claim the office as well.[15]
- November 3 – King Richard II opens the new session of Parliament at Westminster.
- December 3 – The Parliament ends its session after passing numerous acts, and King Richard gives royal assent to multiple acts, including the Forcible Entry Act 1391 and the Admiralty Jurisdiction Act 1391.[16]
- December 29 – Representatives of Prince Amadeo of Savoy meet with Nerio I Acciaioli, Duke of Athens at the Acropolis in a pact against the Navarrese Company. The parties agree to oppose the Navarrese control of Morea and Nerio agrees to recognize Amadeo as Prince of Achaea.[17]
- December 25 – Jean II Le Maingre is named as the Marshal of France by King Charles V in a ceremony at the cathedral of St. Martin at Tours. [18]
- December – At Suceava, Roman I succeeds Petru Mușat, as Prince of Moldavia (now Moldova and northeastern Romania).[19]
Date unknown
- Shah Mansur becomes leader of the Timurid-occupied Muzaffarid Empire, in central Persia.
- A group of Muzaffarids under Zafar Khan Muzaffar establish a new Sultanate at Gujarat, in western India.
- Ushkuinik pirates from Novgorod sack the Muscovy towns of Zhukotin and Kazan.
- Henry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney, takes control of the Shetland Islands and the Faroe Islands.
Births
- June 24 – Joan of France, Duchess of Brittany (d. 1433)
- July 31 – Cyriacus of Ancona, Italian merchant, "father of archaeology" (d. 1453/5)
- October 31 – Edward, King of Portugal (d. 1438)
- November 6 – Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, English politician (d. 1425)
- Gedun Drub, 1st Dalai Lama (d. 1474)
- Thomas West, 2nd Baron West, English soldier (d. 1415)
Deaths
- January 16 – Emir Muhammed V of Granada (b. 1338)
- February 16 – John V Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor (b. 1332)
- March 10 – King Tvrtko I of Bosnia (b. 1338)
- November 1 – Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy (b. 1360)
- Gaston III, Count of Foix, co-prince of Andorra
- date unknown
- Petru, Prince of Moldavia
- Margaret, Countess of Mar (approximate date)
References
- ^ Harvey, Leonard Patrick (1990). Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500. University of Chigaco Press. p. 219. ISBN 0226319628.
- ^ "Sofija Vytautaitė", in Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia), ed. by Edvardas Gudavičius and Algirdas Matulevičius (2021)
- ^ Barker, John W. (1969). Manuel II Palaeologus (1391-1425); a study in late Byzantine statesmanship. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. pp. xxiv. ISBN 0-8135-0582-8. OCLC 11370.
- ^ Saletti, Beatrice (2020). "Loyalty to the church, loyalty to the duke: conflicts of power in late medieval Ferrara". In Fuller, Amy; McCallum, John; Hodgson, Natasha; Morton, Nicholas (eds.). Religion and Conflict in Medieval and Early Modern Worlds: Identities, Communities and Authorities. Taylor & Francis. pp. 223–238. ISBN 9780429836008.
- ^ Ćirković, Sima (1964). Историја средњовековне босанске државе [History of the medieval Bosnian state] (in Serbo-Croatian). Srpska književna zadruga (Serbian Literary Cooperative). p. 165.
- ^ Feldkamp, Michael F. (2002). Regentenlisten und Stammtafeln zur Geschichte Europas: vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart [Lists of rulers and genealogical tables on the history of Europe: from the Middle Ages to the present] (in German). Stuttgart: Reclam. p. 293. ISBN 9783150170342.
- ^ a b c Fusero, Clemente (1973). I Doria. dall'Oglio.
- ^ Oreste, Giuseppe (1960). "Dizionario biografico degli Italiano".
- ^ Gauchat, Patritius (Patrice) (1935). Hierarchia catholica IV (1592-1667). Münster: Libraria Regensbergiana. Retrieved 2016-07-06. p. 219
- ^ Freund, Scarlett; Ruiz (1994). "Jews, Conversos, and the Inquisition in Spain, 1391–1492: The Ambiguities of History". In Perry, Marvin; Schweitzer, Frederick M. (eds.). Jewish-Christian Encounters Over the Centuries: Symbiosis, Prejudice, Holocaust, Dialogue. P. Lang. pp. 169–195. ISBN 978-0-8204-2082-0.
- ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2009-12-23). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO. p. 428. ISBN 978-1-85109-672-5.
- ^ Max Bruchet, Le château de Ripaille. (in French). (Paris: Delagrave 1907) pp. 43–48; 50–54
- ^ Bernard Andenmatten: "Amadeus VII of Savoy" in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland, 8 June 2022.
- ^ Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. VII (Leiden 1993) p. 996.
- ^ Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. VII (Leiden 1993) p. 1218
- ^ Chronological Table of the Statutes: Covering the Period from 1235 to the End of 1971. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1972. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-11-840096-1 – via Google Books.
- ^ Setton, Kenneth M. (general editor) A History of the Crusades: Volume III – The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Harry W. Hazard, editor. University of Wisconsin Press: Madison, 1975
- ^ Lalande, Denis, Jean II le Meingre, dit Boucicaut: (1366–1421) - étude d'une biographie héroïque, Genève 1988.
- Meyer Setton, Kenneth (1976). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571: The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 9780871691149.
- ^ Jasiński, Kazimierz (1998). Rodowód Piastów mazowieckich [The Pedigree of the Masovian Piasts]. Poznań - Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Historyczne (Historical Publishing House). p. 97. ISBN 83-913563-0-2.